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A grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that
carries an abrasive compound on its periphery. These wheels are used in
grinding machines. The
wheel is generally made from a matrix of coarse particles pressed and
bonded together to form a solid, circular shape, various profiles and
cross sections are available depending on the intended usage for the
wheel. They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminium disc with
particles bonded to the surface.
Materials used are generally
silicon carbide and diamond with a vitrified bonding agent. In
production grinding, a wide array of materials are used. Wheels with
different abrasives, structure, bond, grade, and grain sizes are
available. The abrasive is the actual cutting material, such as cubic
boron nitride, zirconia aluminum oxide, manufactured diamonds, ceramic
aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide, and others. The abrasive is selected
based on the hardness of the material being cut. The structure of the
wheel refers to the density of the wheel (bond and abrasive versus
airspace). A less-dense wheel will cut freely, and has a large effect
on surface finish. A less dense wheel is able to take a deeper or wider
cut with less coolant, as the chip clearance on the wheel is greater.
The grade of the wheel determines how tightly the bond holds the
abrasive. Grade affects almost all considerations of grinding, such as
wheel speed, coolant flow, maximum and minimum feed rates, and grinding
depth. Grain size determines the physical abrasive size in the wheel. A
larger grain will cut freely, allowing fast cutting but poor surface
finish. Ultra-fine grain sizes are for precision finish work, where a
fine surface finish is required. The wheel bonding agent determines how
the wheel holds the abrasives. This affects finish, coolant, and
minimum/maximum wheel speed.
The manufacture of these wheels is
a precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent
safety risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and
uniformity required to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high
stresses produced on rotation.
Grinding wheels are self
sharpening to a small degree, for optimal use they may be dressed and
trued by the use of grinding dressers. Dressing the wheel refers to
removing the current layer of abrasive, so that a fresh and sharp
surface is exposed to the work surface. Truing the wheel makes the
grinding surface parallel to the grinding table or other reference
plane, so the entire grinding wheel is even and produces an accurate
surface.
The wheel type (eg:- cup or plain wheel below) fit
freely on their supporting arbors, the necessary clamping force to
transfer the rotary motion being applied to the wheels side by
identically sized flanges (metal discs). The paper blotter shown in the
images is intended to distribute this clamping force evenly across the
wheels surface.
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